Aperture - one explanation

I would like to show you why more and more people are moving away from a point and shoot camera and getting themselves a digital SLR. If you look at the prices of cameras you will see that a good brand SLR can be cheaper than a point and shoot. I am not writing to argue the "pro and cons" of the different types of cameras, there are plenty of articles to give you those. What I would like to show, along with three photos I have just taken, is something that can be done with an SLR with no complicated pressing of menu buttons.
Just as on a point and shoot camera there is a wheel on the top of all SLR cameras that gives different scene modes. (I have not found or heard of anyone with an SLR who ever used these scene modes!) This same wheel has three extra things written on it.
M - which means Manual mode - this takes the most skill to use and get good results.
A or Av (Nikon =A, Canon =Av) - the aperture can be set manually while the shutter speed is automatically adjusted by the camera.
S or Tv (Nikon =S, Canon = Tv) Here the shutter speed can be set manually and the camera takes care of the aperture setting.
The most usual setting SLR users employ (those that aren't using full "Auto"!) is A or Av, the aperture control. It is this setting I will show the reasons why.

With the camera set on A (I am using a Nikon camera - the D90 model) so I am in control of the aperture settings, I have chosen to set the camera at f/1.8 (Using a 50mm prime lens). The smaller the F number the narrower the field of focus. Its so easy to remember that connection!
Even without clicking on the picture to see it larger, you can see that the place mat under the pen is not in focus either nearer to the camera nor behind the pen. The depth of field is just enough to show the pen. If I used this setting to take a picture of a dog's looking at me, the nose would be in sharp focus but the eyes would be out of focus. Small F number, small range of focus.

This time the aperture setting was changed to f/9 and you can clearly see the flower pattern on the place mat in front of the pen and about the same distance behind the pen. The shutter speed has changed but I am not telling you what it is - the camera took care of adjusting the shutter speed to make sure the amount of light and shade was to the camera's liking. This choice of aperture setting is often used for such things as shooting wild-life and getting the animal in focus and the background blurred.

The aperture on this occasion has been set to f/22 and because the camera slowed the shutter speed to almost one second, I had to use my mini tripod to keep the camera still. The high f number has given a very wide depth of field and the entire place mat is in sharp detail.  (Large F number, large depth of field.)
I hope that my explanation has been simple enough for you to follow.
Really, the camera operator is still using the camera's automatic settings - the focus is set automatically and the shutter speed is set automatically - and yet there is far more control (with no real brain work needed) to get the sort of shot that is required.
The people who want "everything in focus" will always use full automatic settings and are really using the SLR as a "point and shoot" (but will get better results) however the more adventurous photographer can experiment with depth of field by choosing to use the Aperture Priority mode.
AJ

Playing with the Canon macro

Wanting to use the camera and without a car to go some place other than home, I had to content myself with searching for subjects in the garden. Selecting the Canon D40 and the Macro lens as my "weapon of choice" for this venture I started by setting up a table with a white cloth as a backdrop - with an ingenious method of creating a back support with a surfboard strapped to the back two legs! I should have taken a photo of my "studio"!
To begin with I thought that I would try to take plants in isolation from their surrounds by draping white material over the surf board and over the table. I found a piece of florist's "oasis" foam to support the plants. Once the stem had been pushed into the foam the extra white material that fell down the front of the table was doubled back and gently positioned over the oasis block. This acted as a reflector. So the plant was in front of a white draping backdrop and its underside was brightened with reflected light off the white fabric over the block.
Rather than use the macro lens as close as I could to the subjects I needed to find out how much depth of field I would get if I were further away. (I need to know this for a future project). Here are a couple of my white backdrop results.

 Red Salvia         f/8  1/160     ISO200    100mm (fixed focal length)

Plumbago    f/8  1/250    ISO200    100mm (fixed focal length)

 The camera would have been about 700mm from the subjects (for all the photos included here today) I still need to learn a bit more about the Canon camera - I could not remember how to lock the aperture! I was using Manual focus but the camera was in Aperture priority.

Since only one of my roses is flowering and there are only two roses on the bush, I did not want to pick the flowers so clambered onto the raised flower bed with my tripod and camera to get these next two shots.

  f/11    1/500     ISO200    100mm (fixed focal length)

f/11      1/320     ISO200    100mm (fixed focal length)

 I really love orange roses! This one is called "Just Joey" and another orange one that I have taken photos of is "Whiskey".

The macro lens does an excellent job of isolating a single subject and my experimentation showed me that I can get a bigger depth of field by moving further away from the subject. Strangely though, in the viewfinder I cannot tell that the background is so out of focus. It looks almost as sharp as the main subject.

All my photos today were taken outside (Its almost winter and the temperature is a warm 27 degrees!) in the sunshine. All the experts tell you that no one should take photos any time except during the "golden hours" of early morning and late afternoon. In the tropics the golden hour is a mere ten minutes long so that is too restrictive for me!!! I love the full sun, shadows make subjects more interesting. I guess shooting in the midday is why I shall never be considered an expert!

AJ

New toy from the Internet

I love to play with my photos and today I decided on adding a sketch to a perfectly good picture. I spent hours using a filter to create a line drawing from this photo.

To do so I converted to black and white and increased the contrast then brought into use a filter from "Image Skill" called "Outliner". This did a very good job of creating the outline - but outlined all the ripples in the water and leaves on the trees - so I had to spend more time removing all the black from the places I did not want outlines. I was pretty happy with the final image once I had put it over the original image and used "multiply". Then I decided to do a search for other sketch software and downloaded a freebie called FotoSketcher. It does wonderful things and I will show you.

These are two of the effects you can get by using the presets for watercolor and for vintage and further adjustments can be made by sliding the sliders and changing textures. But I digress! I wanted to do a line sketch and put that over the top of a photo. I will show you the sketch and the result.

I wish I could draw as good as this and as fast as this was done!
Next up I copied this "drawing" and pasted it onto the original photo and clicked on "Multiply" in the layers blending options. I found I needed to increase the midtones brightness in the photograph because the black from the drawing in the trees and water made the picture too dark. Here is the result.

The effect of putting a sketch over something with defined edges makes quite a statement. I quite like the effect. It isn't something you would do for every picture but it works really well on photos of architecture. This program does a good job in a fraction of the time it took me with the filter.

There is a downside though. Somehow the program has also managed to hijack my browser and although I de-activated the Fotosketcher tool bar , the web page suddenly sprang back up while I was writing this blog. I will have to so some work on it! Grrr!

My town

I always seem to be writing about "other places" so today I decided it was about time to point the camera at my own little town. Mudgeeraba grew from a small settlement of ceder cutters - timber-men and their families - and is now a town and district that has five large schools to accommodate all the children! A delightful statue that is a tribute to the ceder cutters stands in the "Village Green", a little park in the centre of the town.

f/6.3   1/200  ISO 200

The plaque beneath gives the story of Mudgeeraba - click on the image to see it large enough to read.

 f/6.3  1/100  ISO 200

The timber building that is called "The Old Post Office" was once the Shire offices, it was the Post Office when I first moved to Mudgeeraba. and I was fortunate enough to be able to interview, on video, the post mistress just prior to the closing of the doors in 1993.

f/6.3   1/100   ISO200

A feather was put into Mudgeeraba residents' hat when the town was given a special award in 2009, it was chosen as the "Friendliest town in Queensland"! So timber sign boasts to all who drive into the cutting that gives access to the small town.

 f/6.3   1/100   ISO 200

The Wagon wheel and axe are the symbols of Mudgeeraba's heritage, below the wall is the timber sign that tells of the Friendliest Town award. The black rectangles are spot-lights for the two signs.
In the main part of the town - around the Village Green - the buildings have been constructed in such a way that they echo the history of the area. They are not genuine old buildings at all, they have been built in the last 20 years. The rounded roofs are called bull-nose roofs and that shape is typical of buildings in the early 1900's as is the colouring of the walls and veranda railings. These are "heritage colours".

f/6.3  1/100  ISO 200

The Wallaby Hotel has been in Mudgeeraba since 1883 - what we see now is not the original but renovations of the original! Somewhere under all that weatherboard and paint there are a few original timbers! This part of the hotel is renovated in a very similar style to the original however the place is so much bigger than the original and has a large modern restaurant that is off to the right of the photo.

 f/6.3  1/160   ISO 200

I did consider doing some "Photoshop work" on this picture to remove the severe lean - but I rather like the look as it is, so left it! To straighten it would have meant losing quite a bit of the picture, including the top.
 Finally I am including a shot, which wouldn't win any prizes for composition - but it goes to show the proximity of the main Brisbane motorway to the entrance to the town. The wooden signs shown in an earlier photo are just on the right of this shot.

 f/6.3  1/125  ISO 200

The signs are on the corner of this road. Just the other side of the service road is the M1 and you can see some of the cars whistling past and missing the beauty of my little town.
For those of you interested in photography and the settings I used.  Today I used Manual because it was the middle of the day and the shadows were rather heavy and aperture priority gave either over or under exposure. I set the aperture to what I wanted and then adjusted the shutter speed to get the correct amount of brightness. The beauty of using a digital camera is that you can make mistakes and learn from them!
AJ

In the old style

Murwillumbah is a small, busy town with almost every building in the main part of town a slice of history. Murwillumbah came into being in 1902 and the name is taken from the aboriginal language of the time.It roughly translates to "camping place" – from Murrie, meaning "aboriginal people", Wolli, "a camp"; and Bab, "the place of" (Thanks to Wikipedia for that translation!)
While the shop fronts look modern (in many cases) the upper story of the buildings tells a different tale.

f/13    1/80    ISO 250    38mm

Each one is a different style and a different colour.

 f/32    1/50    ISO 250    35mm

The Commonwealth Bank is very impressive with Grecian pillars.

 f/16    1/60    ISO 250    18mm

The most necessary building in any town of this size, is the Police station. The Police Station in Murwillumbah is very similar to timber police stations in many country towns. It looks cosy rather than foreboding. The little lock-up next door does not look quite so welcoming, though! Standing right next door to the lock-up is the court house so all these important buildings are together in the centre of town.

 f/6.3    180    ISO 250    18mm

Murwillumbah (we locals pronounce the name mer - wool - um - bah)
One of the famous people who call Murwillumbah home is Stephanie Gilmore, the young surfer who took the world by storm on the waves and holds four world titles.
AJ

A country Art Gallery

Not too far from the border between New South Wales and Queensland is a country town called Murwillumbah. I have visited the town many times in the past but had never been to see the art gallery. This week changed all that!

The Art gallery is a short distance out of the town itself and on the top of a rise. After parking the vehicle I dashed back down the drive to take a photo of the metal art that decorated the garden and caught my eye as we drove in.

f/13   1/100   ISO250   38mm

The entrance to the Art Gallery is very striking with its strong lines. Most people walk in without really noticing but when you have a camera in your hands it is difficult to walk past anything that catches your eye!

f/8   1/100   ISO250   20mm

Stepping through the doorway I was immediately struck by the dramatic window and the silhouettes of the people in the foyer. The view through the window is like a picture hanging on a wall – except that it is a constantly changing picture.

f/13   1/100   ISO250   22mm

Inside the gallery are so many wonderful things to linger near. There are paintings, big and small and some photographs that are quite thought provoking, I found a row of black Madonnas hanging in a long row on one of the walls, the shape of each was exactly the same but everyone was detailed quite differently in black and grey and they were adorned with feathers and beads and wire in different ways too. They were created by two aboriginal artists in WA.

f/4   1/40   ISO250   24mm

I could not resist stepping outside those windows in the foyer and taking a long look at the view from the Art Gallery. The Tweed River and the lush Tweed Valley was spread out in front of me. I would imagine that someone with a love of landscape painting would love to stand right here and try to capture the scene in water colours.

 f/25   1/100   ISO250   36mm

For me the joy of photography gives me that same pleasure!

AJ

Art in the country

Small towns are often full of surprises and one little place not far from where I live - but over the state border in New South Wales - is a little beauty. It is as small as a postage stamp and yet it attracts bus-loads of visitors every day and bigger crowds at the weekends. The town's name is Stoker's Siding. The little town started life as a dairy farm but a railway siding gave the necessary impetus for the town to grow. The reason the visitors love this place is due solely to the marketing skills of a very talented potter, everyone who comes here goes in to see the pottery and crafts that are for sale in a building that is close to 100 years old.

 f/7    1/100    ISO 250    22mm

The old building was once a general store and it has been lovingly maintained in its original form and is a photographer's delight! The panes of glass decorating the space above the main windows are not seen like this any more.

 f/5.6    1/100    ISO 250    20mm

I was rather taken by the unusual glass creations that were hanging inside the main display window. It was a bit difficult to take a photo of them with all the reflections on the glass - and even the circular polariser did not help very much.

 f/3.5    1/100    ISO 250    18mm

Inside the place is filled with the most exquisite pottery, paintings and works of art. If you want to see unusual glazes and huge platters and special pieces of pottery - this is the place to come!

 f/3.8    1/100    ISO 250    20mm

The train that converted Stokers Siding to a town has ceased to run and the grass grows tall between the rail lines, there are no noisy trains to disturb the peace any more neither to stop here nor to travel further north to Murwillumbah. The cows can graze in peace and quiet once again.

 f11    1/100    ISO 250    50mm

The children must travel by school bus to Murwillumbah every morning and some creative parent has decorated the bus shelter. This must be one of very few bus shelters that does not have graffiti all over it.

 f/3.5    1/100    ISO 250    18mm

Even if you have visited Stokers Siding before, it is always worth another visit. The artwork in Stokers Siding Pottery is always changing and always interesting - and a new business that will attract visitors has opened next door.
AJ